Treaty of Berlin of 1878

The Treaty of Berlin was the settlement agreed by the great powers at the Congress of Berlin, presided over by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, which revised the harsh Treaty of San Stefano that Russia had imposed on the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria was reduced and divided into an autonomous principality and the province of Eastern Rumelia, while Serbia, Montenegro and Romania gained full independence. Austria-Hungary was allowed to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Britain took control of Cyprus. Russia kept southern Bessarabia and gains in the Caucasus, but many Russians felt cheated of their victory. The arrangements left many national aspirations unfulfilled, and the instability they created in the Balkans fed later crises.

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